Carotid: Carotid Artery, Carotid Stenosis, Carotid Arteries Information

and are trained in the latest leading edge techniques. We provide comprehensive world-class care with compassion, commitment and competency. Our practice provides diagnosis and treatment for, brain tumors, back pain, brain avms, carotid stenosis, cerebral aneurysms, face pain (trigeminal neuralgia ), herniated discs, spine tumors, and all other sorts of neurological conditions. Video Produced by Advantage Internet Marketing http … deep brain stimulation parkinson disease long island …

Connected angioplasty and stenting is an accepted procedure in the management of carotid stenosis . The indications, contraindications and technical details are discussed in this lecture.

Definitioner transient ischemic attack or TIA, is often described as a mini-stroke. Unlike a stroke, the symptoms disappear in May a few minutes. TIA and stroke are caused by interruption of blood supply to the brain caused. In the majority of TIA and stroke, is the disorder by a blood clot obstruction of blood vessels caused brain. What · Take your medicines as your doctor has prescribed. If you think it does not help, call your doctor, but do not stop taking them yourself. • If you take aspirin regularly, continue to occupy. Aspirin helps thin blood, so clots from forming. Do not take acetaminophen or ibuprofen instead. What are the symptoms of a TIA? The most common symptoms of TIA are identical to those of a stroke, but they are temporary. TIAs can sometimes cause nausea or vomiting. Symptoms appear suddenly and reach their maximum intensity quickly. These symptoms include May: talk · · numbness dizziness or sudden weakness in an arm or leg on one side of the body · sagging on one side of face · sudden loss of balance and coordination · sudden understanding speech difficulty or how at risk are transient ischemic attacks? Two presentations at the conference examined the risk of stroke and death after a transient ischemic attack. The first study compared the risk of stroke, addiction and death in the transient ischemic attack or stroke in Germany. Although stroke patients have a higher risk in each category, patients with transient ischemic attack or a high probability of having a stroke (6%), being dependent on others for daily care (22%) and death (2%) within six months after transient ischemic attack. Researchers have found that transient ischemic attacks deserve the same attention “as a hit. What causes a transient ischemic attack? A blood clot is the most common cause of a TIA. Blood clots can result d a hardening of the arteries (atherosclerosis), heart attack or cardiac arrhythmia. Brain cells are affected within seconds of the blockage. What symptoms are controlled in parts of the body through causes cells. A Once the clot dissolves, blood flow returns, and the symptoms disappear. DiagnosisIf She had a stroke or TIA and your doctor suspects that you may have a high degree of stenosis in the carotid arteries, he or she will be an examination consisting specific tests to determine the extent of disease of the carotid artery, including: • the behavior of duplex sonography · angiography Cerebral angiography by magnetic resonance (MRA) • CT scanTreatments discussion transient ischemic attack: Since there no way of knowing whether the symptoms of a TIA or an acute stroke are expected to consider the patient that all stroke-like symptoms signal an emergency and should not wait to see if it go. A rapid assessment (within 60 minutes) is necessary for the cause of the TIA and determine appropriate therapy.

Although there are many common pharmaceutical treatments for high blood pressure, including beta-blockers and ACE inhibitors, there are some very effective alternatives, including pomegranate juice, passion flower and the ‘physical activity. There is evidence that pomegranate juice offers protection against cardiovascular disease. While (pomegranate Punica granatum) for thousands of years, little research has been done until recently. Most research has been conducted for the first time in Israel and is ongoing. One of the first studies to draw the attention has shown that pomegranate juice had a solid substance (anti-atherogenic biologically active, which prevents atherogenesis including the accumulation of plaques of fatty deposits on the innermost layer of the arteries ) effects in healthy humans and atherosclerotic mice, it is said that its antioxidant properties. Later, a few months, the results of a study at the University of California showed an anti-oxidant led three times higher than that of red wine and green tea. Then a new study in Israel showed that pomegranate juice reduced the development of atherosclerosis in mice that atherosclerosis is already well advanced. The coming months, the results of another study showed a decrease of 36% sodium bu serum ACE activity and a 5% reduction of systolic blood pressure in patients taking pomegranate juice. The study found that pomegranate juice mai broad protection against cardio-vascular diseases, its inhibitory effect on oxidative stress and serum ACE activity may provide the context. Over the last 5 years, 150 + for new studies and publications related to the grenade U. S. National Library Database PubMed-indexed Medicine, with results that suggest that many health benefits of this fruit. The most notable is the reduction of cardiovascular disease. Another interesting study in March 2005 examined the effects of pomegranate juice on samples of human coronary artery cells in vitro are exposed to extreme stress (like him) to a person with high blood pressure, and also in mice hypercholesterolemia. The study showed that reducing the dose of pomegranate juice significantly reduced the progression of atherosclerosis and that the proatherogenic effects induced by perturbed shear stress can be reversed by chronic administration of pomegranate juice. It follows that can be chronic administration of pomegranate juice, both prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis to be effective. The results of another 3-year study suggest that pomegranate juice reduced intima-media thickness, and systolic blood pressure in patients with carotid stenosis of the carotid artery. In the recent article on pomegranates, posted to PubMed, January 17, 2007, the authors said: “The last time about 7 years, seven times the number of publications indexed by Medline dealing with pomegranate Punica granatum in the years to come . They noted that the seeds, juice – Peel, leaves, flowers, bark and roots have their pharmacological activity. They noted that “the phytochemistry and pharmacological actions of Punica granatum allow all components of a variety of clinical applications for treatment and prevention of cancer and other diseases in which chronic inflammation is believed to play an important causal role. ” Passion Flower has also shown promise to produce a reduction in blood pressure by regulating the nervous system neurotransmitter that reduces anxiety. (Passiflora incarnata) is accepted for medical purposes in Germany, France and other European countries for the treatment of nervous anxiety, and was at one time as tranquilizers and sleeping pills prescription drug approved in the S . U. After a review of the night to help sleep time by the FDA in 1978, it was increasingly recognized as effective by the FDA for any given American society on safety and efficiency, as presented by FDA request information, he was abandoned as an over-the-counter drugs. Although passion flower is an Indian plant, it has been studied extensively in Europe and the United States. In Germany, France and other European countries, it is accepted for the treatment of nervous anxiety. The Passion Flower Standardized products contain flavonoids that the primary chemical markers. While flavonoids are generally regarded as the active components of the plant, scientists have been unable to locate a chemical compound or group of compounds for their calming effect. Passion flower increases levels of a neurotransmitter called gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), which reduces the activity of neurons in the brain, relaxation and relieves anxiety. It contains chemicals known as harmala alkaloids, probably an enzyme involved in depression, the unknown block. A pilot, randomized, controlled trial comparing the efficacy of Passiflora oxazepam drug in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) has shown that Passiflora extract to extract the effective management of GAD, with no significant difference between the effectiveness of IT and oxazepam. An advantage of the Passiflora extract has been shown that fewer problems may affect their work performance over took place. Experiences of all fear. This is the normal reaction to insecurity, anger, ill prepared, or is perceived, anticipated or imagined danger or hazard. Anxiety is a normal good. It helps to motivate a person who works well under pressure, resulting in increased productivity. But if fear and anxiety are exaggerated without giving any reasons, it is a sign of anxiety disorders such as GAD. People who suffer from anxiety, such as participation in the study on the experience of pathological anxiety, which is excessive, chronic and usually affects their ability to function in normal daily activities, and will not be triggered by a object or situation. Passion flower seems to be useful in relieving stress, not only in subjects with normal fear, but in these as well as GAD. Although there are many drugs available against hypertension and natural therapies (eg Prostolic Melaleuca) are both helpful in reducing blood pressure and maintaining healthy, your body starts best defense against blood pressure and risk of cardiovascular disease with a change of lifestyle. The time is now to change, whatever your age. Start by taking a healthy diet with fruits and vegetables, dairy products low in fat, whole grains, and other heart healthy foods. Reduce your salt intake and avoid processed foods destroy as potassium and generally have a high level of salt added yet depriving your body of this essential nutrient. Get plenty of exercise, not smoking, they limit consumption of alcohol and no. Your blood pressure increases as your weight, however, lose only 10 percent of your weight over a period of six months in May to lower your blood pressure and reduce your risk of developing diabetes, are the two main risk factors heart disease. Those who are already overweight and hypertension is most effective for a 10-lb. Weight loss. In February 2006 Scientific Statement from the American Heart Association: “Given the continuing epidemic of BP, diseases and the increasing prevalence of hypertension, efforts do not reduce BP in hypertensive patients and hypertensive patients is warranted. In non-hypertensive patients, changes in diet can reduce BP and prevent hypertension. In uncomplicated hypertension stage I (Hg systolic blood pressure 140 to 159 mm or diastolic blood pressure 90 to 99 mm Hg), dietary changes serve as initial treatment before drug therapy. In hypertensive patients already on drug therapy, changes in lifestyle, particularly a reduced salt intake can reduce BP further. The current challenge for providers of health care, researchers, officials and the general public is developing and implementing effective policies and public health clinic that lead to lasting changes in diet between individuals and more broadly among the entire population. ”

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Endarterectomy for carotid artery stenosis

Salivary glands CONDITIONS Author: Dr. Altaf H Malik Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Govt. Dental College, Srinagar. Co authors: Dr Ajaz Shah Associate Professor and Director, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Govt. Dental College, Srinagar. Dr. Suhail Latoo Lecturer Department of Pathology and Oral Microbiology, Govt. Dental College, Srinagar. Dr. Manzoor Ahmad Malik J & K Health Services, SDH Banipora Dr Rubeena Tabasum Resident CD Hospital, Srinagar. Dr. Shazia Qadir Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Govt. Dental College, Srinagar. Introduction salivary glands, major and minor, are produced from an enzyme complex anatomical and physiological body system, lubricants, mixing agents and immunological factors. The salivary glands in response to physical (food and beverages) and emotional (theft, serenity, and exhaustion) stimuli. They expire in May, a variety of medical conditions, including infection, calculus, immune disorders, hypertrophy and atrophy, systemic diseases and tumors, benign and malignant. Diseases of salivary glands are divided on the infection of abnormal development may be acute benign malignant autoimmune chronic systemic necrotizing sialometaplasia various developmental abnormalities, cystic fibrosis mucocele and ranula Aberrant salivary gland Any deviation (ectopic) tissue of salivary glands , which develops in a place where he usually found. This condition is reported as the sole abnormality or in combination with other facial anomalies. They are the most frequently reported in the region of the cervix in the vicinity of the parotid gland or the body of the mandible. The latter is located behind the 1st molars, and often a message with a major salivary gland s. The most deviant salivary glands in the neck occur in the upper part in the field of asthma and branchial cysts palate. Total aplasia aplasia and hypoplasia of major salivary glands, although rare, may occur in association with other congenital anomalies such as cleft palate. The main symptom is severe xerostomia. Hypoplasia of the parotid gland has been studied in patients with Melkersson-Rosenthal reported, which presents as a classic triad of orofacial granulomas, facial paralysis and the language column. Accessory glands, it is a common condition, present in over half the population. It is usually found in the upper channel and prior to normal opening Stensson. Diverticula are small pockets or enterocoely the ductwork is a major salivary glands, and this led to repeated episodes of acute parotitis. Sialadenitis infection of the salivary gland tissue infection of the salivary gland tissue is relatively common. It can be classified as follows (I) bacterial and viral) mumps (mumps virus) b) Bacterial parotitis (sialadenitis) i. Acute II. Chronic C) recurrent parotitis of childhood (II) had obstructive sialadenitis) sialolithiasis b) mucus plugs c) Stricture – stenosis d) foreign body (III), a systemic granulomatous disease) tuberculosis b) Actinomycosis c) fungal infection d) Uveoparotid fever, acute bacterial parotitis acute bacterial parotitis is a disease of the elderly, malnourished, dehydrated, post-operative and chronically ill. Lead to dehydration secondary to acute illness or weakness with a decreased salivary flow and retrograde infection of the ductus Stensson’s. Antisialogogues, diuretics, antihistamines and sedatives can also cause. Clinically, the condition characterized by the sudden appearance of the company, inflammatory swelling of the parotid region, and the exquisite pain and tenderness. Increases in body temperature and can expect a purulent discharge channel Stensson’s. If left untreated, it leads to a very toxic and deadly situation. The treatment of bacterial parotitis include fluids found antimicrobial therapy (semisynthetic penicillin to be the case), and drainage if necessary. Drainage is via surgical exposure of the gland and the penetration of the capsule with a small foam sample Kelly clamp. Chronic bacterial parotitis This may be secondary to an episode of acute parotitis, and is characterized by unilateral or bilateral swelling of the parotid gland, and a cycle of intermittent exacerbation and remission. Parotidectomy is considered the definitive treatment. Viral parotitis (mumps) Mumps is an acute communicable diseases that are transmitted infections during epidemics, and saliva and urine. It usually occurs when a child or adult who has already survived a previous infection. Mumps is characterized by a rapid, painful swelling of one / both parotid glands 15 to 18 days after first exposure. Prodromal phase 1 to 2 days of fever, headache, etc., preceded by the swelling. Complications include pancreatitis, orchitis, and meningitis () due to viremia. Mumps spontaneously in 5 to 10 days. Symptomatic treatment of fever and pain are necessary. Parotid sialadenitis This is less common than infection of the parotid glands and are mainly stones and strictures. The clinical significance is that it can be confused with infections submandibular space of odontogenic origin. Sialolithiasis Sialoliths calcified and develop organic substances in the parenchyma or ducts of major salivary glands and minor. Biochemical, they appear with layers of organic material with concentric layers of calcified substance covering laminated. The crystal structure is composed essentially of octacalcium phosphate and hydroxyapatite. The etiology of stone formation is varied. Antisialogogues etc. inflammation, local irritation, is believed to play a major role. The stones are a common etiologic factor for sialadenitis. Mucus plugs, strictures, etc. produce a similar clinical picture. About 80 to 90% occur in the submandibular duct, or the following reasons. Wharton’s duct is likely that the case contains sharp corners mucin plugs or debris cellular calcium in the position depends on the salivary gland submandibular, 5 high – 15% of the salivary gland and occur in 2 to 5 % in the sublingual and salivary glands accessories. Clinically, the most common symptom is intermittent sialolithiasis painful swelling in the area of a major salivary glands, exposed during the meal, and often disappear after meals. The pain moves from the backup of saliva behind the rock or plug. Wharton’s duct Sialoliths or Stenson is felt when the peripheral part of the chain. The joint website of tartar is the oral mucosa and is presented as an asymptomatic circumscribed, freely mobile drainage swelling. Diagnosis: Normal X-ray CT sialography treatment: acute infection secondary to congestion should be treated with antibiotics. Stones in the distal canal can often be manually removed. Deeper rocks surgery is necessary. Lithotripsy has been described as a noninvasive method of decomposition of salivary stones. Several infections of salivary glands, the salivary glands may be associated with tuberculosis, especially tuberculosis, or the disease can infect the lymph nodes periglandular. The parotid gland is most often affected. The clinical picture is of a fixed, non-painful swelling, like a tumor. Fistula drainage may be present. Diagnosis of chronic enlargement of the salivary glands should include chest X-ray, skin test and acid-fast stain of drainage and culture. Sarcoidosis (Morbus Heerfodt) This is a chronic, systemic granulomatous inflammation of salivary glands in 60% of cases. Uveoparotid fever occurs in 10% cases present the results of a Triad paralysis – facial, uveitis, and enlargement of the parotid gland. The treatment is supportive care and long-term treatment with corticosteroids. Actinomycosis israelii actinomycosis is a commonplace, a member of the oral flora and may invade the salivary glands. Sialadenitis arrives as high as 10 per cent of cases of oral-facial actinomycosis. In the long term, high doses of penicillin is the treatment of choice. Diagnosis of salivary gland infections, a detailed history and physical examination are useful in diagnosing infection of the salivary glands. The patient reported acute swelling of the salivary glands with meals can be used as an acute ductal obstruction can be diagnosed. Children must be carefully placed on exposure to the mumps outbreak in question in the recent past. Careful examination of the oral cavity is essential to distinguish between swelling of salivary glands, and a space infections of dental origin. The physical examination must be gentle palpation of all the salivary glands and bimanual palpation of the intra-and extra-oral channels. Diagnostic radiology, can be useful. Indications are for a single movie or sialography: a) the detection of strictures and stones to form a foreign body b) proof of large parenchymal abscess c) assess the severity of the damage or residual tumor parenchyma functional salivary gland tumors of the salivary gland, a heterogeneous group of diseases of major morphological changes, and this presents difficulties in general with classification. Benign tumors Pleomorphic adenoma (mixed tumor) This is the most common of all salivary gland tumors, over 50% of all cases of tumors and approximately 90% of benign tumors of the salivary glands. It is characterized by complex morphological and histological characterized by the presence of a variety of cell types. Many theories have been created to explain the histogenesis of this tumor, and the current arguments center around the cell and myoepithelial cell replacement in the channel dial. It is said that the myoepithelial cell is responsible for the morphological diversity of the tumor, while channels were activated cell replacement in the ductal cells and myoepithelial cells, which may undergo mesenchymal metaplasia result in more different types of cells can be distinguished. Clinic: The parotid gland is the most common site of pleomorphic adenoma (90%). It can happen, but in a gland and is more common in women and patients in the 4th from 6 Decades. The story is that of a small painless nodule quiescent current, which increases slowly in size. There is usually an irregular nodular lesion, which has the consistency of business. The pain is not a common symptom. Among small glands, palatine glands affected. It can cause difficulty breathing, talking and chewing. Histology: The tumor is still encapsulated. The model is different histological characteristics. Some areas are available in cubical cells arranged in the channel, such a model eosinophilic coagulum. In other areas the tumor cells may be a star-shaped, polyhedral or spindle to take shape. Some may even show the character or Chondroid bone. Treatment: The accepted method of treatment is surgical excision. The tumor and the involved lobe are removed. Intra-oral lesions may be treated by more conservative excision extracapsular. Malignant transformation is a recurrent tumor in a long untreated or into one. Monomorphic adenoma monomorphic adenoma of the WHO classification, it is divided into 1) Adenolymphoma (Warthin tumor) 2) adenoma oxyphilic 3) Other, tubular, lung (including trabecular), basal cell carcinoma and clear cell adenomas. Adenolymphoma tumor (Warthin’s) This rare type of tumor is found almost exclusively in the parotid gland. This shows a marked preference for males and age groups of the 4th, 5th and 6 Decades. The tumor is superficial, in general, was directly under the parotid capsule or protruding through it. They develop normally not more than 3 -4 cm in diameter. It is painless, firm, scanning, and is not clinically different from other benign lesions. Histologically the tumor consists of two elements – the epithelial tissues and lymph. It is important for adenoma presenting cysts with papillary projections in the projection and cystic lymphoid germinal matrix. The commonly accepted theory of histogenesis is that the tumor arises in the salivary glands or tissues in lymph nodes during embyogenesis intraparotid paraparotid closed. The treatment is surgical resection of the tumor. Oxyphilic adenoma (oncocytoma / acidophilic adenoma) This is a rare tumor, occurring usually in the parotid gland. It is more common in women and the elderly. It does not grow to large sizes and are not clinically Microscopically, the tumor from benign tumors by large cells with eosinophilic cytoplasm and distinct cell membranes, and characterized to be arranged in narrow rows, or tending the ropes. These tumor cells are similar to cells of normal appearance as “oncocytes” general view in a large number of sites in the body. The treatment of choice is surgical excision. The tumor did not tend to recur, and malignant degeneration is rare. The Basal cell cancer usually occurs in the salivary glands, and most patients are aged over 60 years. It shows how a painless, slow-growing lesions. histological Basaloid capsule well defined connective tissue and cells are isomorphic and Basaloid appearance, with round to oval nuclei. The cells resemble the secretory cells of the string under tension. the basal cell adenoma is treated by excision. Canalicular adenoma This happens in the intra-oral, salivary glands, mostly in the upper lip. Patients are usually more than 60 years old. It is a slow growing, painless, non-fixed nodes of the lip. Histological presentation is arranged cords of epithelial cells in a double row. The canalicular adenoma is treated by simple excision. myoepithelioma It comes in adult and in the parotid most common site of occurrence. The intra-oral site most common is the palace. The tumor is the spindle-shaped cells or plasmacytoid or a combination thereof, in a myxomatous background. The definitive diagnosis is the identification of myoepithelial ultrastructural calls. The disease is treated by excision. Ductal papillomas papillomas of salivary gland ducts in three forms. 1) Simple ductal papilloma – an exophytic lesion with a papillary surface and a base stalked. This 2) intraductal papilloma inverted – in the form of nodules of the oral mucosa. 3) Sialadenoma papilliferum – exophytic growth of the palate. All types are treated by excision. Benign lymphoepithelial lesion of this common disease shows both inflammatory and neoplastic in nature. Sometimes the change is mainly as a bilateral or unilateral disease of the parotid gland and / or submandibular glands with mild symptoms, pain and xerostomia shown. It is considered an autoimmune disease in which antigen salivary gland tissue. There is often a vague, poorly described enlargement of the thyroid gland, rather than forming a discrete node. biopsies ordered lymphocytic infiltration of glandular tissue, destroy, or replacement of the acini. The condition was treated both by surgical excision and radiation. But it is not currently used in relation to the possibility of radiation-induced cancer. Mikulicz relationship with disease, the disease was first described by Mikulicz in 1988 was characterized by a chronic symmetrical or bilateral, painless enlargement of the lacrimal and salivary glands. Mikulicz patients showed a benign, non-participating nodes. Some employees later noticed that some cases diagnosed as Mikulicz disease often run a rapidly fatal course. This subsequently proved to be malignant lymphoma. It is now believed that there Mikulicz’s disease and lympho-epithelial lesion benign nature identical. malignant malignant pleomorphic adenoma This term encompasses the histologically benign tumors that appear similar to the primary tumor to metastasis have and those that are similar clinically benign pleomorphic adenoma, but cytologically malignant changes. There is considerable debate as to whether they result from a benign lesion of the previous, or they represent a malignant disease from the outset. There is no obvious clinical difference between benign and malignant Pleomorphic adenomas are seen outside of the occasional resistance to deeper structures and an increased incidence of surface ulceration, pain and enlarged regional lymph nodes in malignant cases . frequent metastases in the lungs, bones, internal organs and brain. malignant histology may be one component of the benign proliferation or remain localized in discrete locations. nuclear changes, invasion of connective tissue, focal necrosis, etc. have used the properties of cancer. Treatment is primarily surgical and recurrent injuries are caused by surgery and radiotherapy combined managed. adenoid cystic carcinoma is a form of adenoid carcinoma, which often have an impact on intraoral salivary glands, parotid glands and submaxillary. The clinical symptoms of local pain, facial paralysis (in the case of infringement of parotid glands), the resistance to deeper structures, local invasion and ulceration of the surface. Histologically, the tumor is small, very uniform staining cells resembling basal cells, arranged in the channel, such as patterns of composition, which contains the central part of a viscous material. spread of tumor cells along the perineural space or duct is a common feature. Treatment is especially before surgery, but it is often coupled with radiation. This tumor metastases in the rule at the end of his course, and therefore long-term monitoring is necessary. acinar carcinoma This particular lesion is that cells showing acinar cell differentiation instead of duct-like pattern seen in other tumors. pleomorphic adenoma is similar in gross appearance. It is reported, particularly in the appearance of the parotid gland. carcinoma cells of acinar cells at various degrees of differentiation together. Well-differentiated cells resemble normal acinar cells. lymphoid elements are also frequently observed. Treatment is primarily surgical. The recidivism rate is 8 to 59%, which occurs several years after the operation. Long-term follow-up is necessary. MECA This is a rare type of tumor of the salivary glands described as a separate entity in 1945 by Stewart, Foote and Becker. Most cases occurred in the parotid gland. Other glands may also be affected. This malignancy has a low diversity and a very clever kind. The first appears as a broadening slowly develop a painless mass. Because of the tendency to cystic lesions intra-oral mucocoele similar. The mass of high-grade malignancy is growing rapidly and cause pain and facial paralysis. Muco carcinoma is not sealed, they penetrate into the surrounding tissues and metastases. ’s Histologically Pleomorphic membrane from which a tumor-producing cells, squamous cell type and between cells. The treatment is surgical. Recent data have shown a good response to radiotherapy. Low-malignant type can be managed by surgery alone. This clear cell cancer is a relatively recently recognized lesion, characterized by the presence of special “clear cells that are supposed to result from channel while cells or myoepithelial cells. This disease is primarily in the salivary glands, the parotid gland in particular. Clear cell carcinoma tends to occur in the elderly and women. The clinical presentation is not different from other tumors. Histology shows a mass of clear cells with a septum thin fibrous connective tissue surrounded. The disease is treated by surgery. It generally shows a relatively good prognosis. Epidermoid (squamous) carcinoma tumor This implies a grave prognosis, because it has characteristics of infiltration, metastasis, and can easily be reversed easily. It can occur in any salivary gland. It seems from the canal, since the channels undergo squamous metaplasia with ease. A combination therapy of surgery and radiation therapy is indicated. Impairment of salivary glands in rheumatic diseases, swollen salivary glands, particularly the parotid, may be a manifestation of autoimmune diseases. The different subsets of auto-immune disease, salivary gland, 1) allergic sialadenitis, 2) Syndrome Sjögren / myoepithelial sialadenitis and 3) epithelial sialadenitis / granulomatous sialadenitis. It is an acute allergic sialadenitis, but rare condition. Deposition of antigen-antibody complex in the parenchyma results in swelling of the glands. Removal of allergens is beneficial. Allergens are butazone certain foods and drugs such as phenyl and nitrofurantoin. Myoepithelial sialadenitis (Sjogren’s syndrome) This article describes a condition, originally as a triad of dry eye, dry mouth and rheumatoid arthritis. Some patients only with dry eyes and dry mouth syndrome (primary Sjögren / sicca complex), while other other connective tissue diseases such as lupus erythematosus, periarteritis nodosa, scleroderma and rheumatoid arthritis (Syndrome Sjögren develop secondary) to. The disease occurs predominantly among women over 40 years. The clinical diagnosis is a combination of two of the classic triad. Dry mouth and eyes, causing the grit and pain in eyes, pain and burning of the oral mucosa. Oral candidiasis, rampant dental caries and tongue cracking are common. Often, patients have bilateral parotid involvement. Other glands may also be affected. Mikulicz disease is considered as a component of salivary gland syndrome Sjögren is a synonym. The lesion of extra-glandular symptoms, such as lymphoma. Histologically, severe lymphocytic infiltration of salivary glands and proliferation of ductal epithelium are seen. Antiductal antibodies in the serum of patients before you. Other factors, such as rheumatoid factor and antinuclear antibodies are also frequent. ESR may increase to 80%. Sialography is the diagnostic value in Sjögren’s syndrome. It shows a flower “typical cherry (fruit branches, trees Laden) watch. There is no satisfactory treatment of Sjögren’s syndrome. Patients are treated symptomatically with artificial tears and saliva substitutes. Other diseases of cystic fibrosis This condition is an autosomal recessive genetic disease is the most common fatal among white children. The children suffer from chronic lung disease, pancreatic insufficiency, and high concentration of electrolytes in sweat. If the mucous glands are pathologically affected, Parotidenspeichel are easily affected. The increased level of calcium and protein in the results of the turbidity gland fluid secreted by the formation of calcium-protein complexes. Sialometaplasia Necrotizing Fasciitis sialometaplasia is a benign inflammatory tissue of salivary glands, which both histological and clinically mimicking malignancy. The most likely cause is local ischemia, the cause, but not alcohol and tobacco was known to some workers involved. This condition occurs more frequently in men. Most patients are in the 4th and 5 Decades. Most cases occur in the palace, but also other intra-oral sites have also been found is. The tumor usually appears as an ulcer. The pain is not common. Swelling in May in some cases. Necrotizing sialometaplasia is an ulcerated mucosa pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia histologically characterized the mucosal epithelium, acinar necrosis and squamous metaplasia of salivary glands. The change is primarily self-limiting and heal by secondary intention. Mucous retention phenomenon (mucocoele) This is generally recognized as being traumatic and is a common disease. It can be caused by a traumatic separation of the salivary glands of a channel or a chronic partial obstruction of the salivary glands caused by a channel. May attributed mucocoeles extravasation and type of retention. The former is more common. This condition is more common in the lower lip. The lesion is located deep into the fabric or, in exceptional cases superficial. The lesion surface is a raised, circumscribed vesicles with a blue veil, cast transparent and less than 10 mm in diameter. The lesion depth is also swelling, but the color and appearance of the surface are the normal mucosa. The content is generally composed of thick plates of mucin. The histology shows increased mucosal thinning of the epithelium lining the wall of compressed fibers, connective tissue and a light filled with a clot eosinophils, cells with a variable. The treatment is excision of the lesion, and the elimination of acini of salivary glands associated. It is a form of mucocoele ranula occurs precisely in the floor of the mouth, in conjunction with Wharton’s duct or sublingual channels. The etiology and pathology are essentially the same as for other glands mucocoele. The disease develops slowly expand painless mass on one side of the floor of the mouth. Because the lesion is deep, the mucosa is normal in appearance. If it is superficial, mucosa of a bluish color are transparent. Treatment involves unroof the injury of having to drain the contents. Imaging in diseases of the salivary glands by imaging techniques may be used in the diagnosis of salivary gland. These range from simple X-ray imaging of the more complex magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Radiographs radiography is still an important consideration in the salivary glands. It should identify any radio-opaque phlebolites salivary stones or dystrophic calcifications in the gland or duct. For the evaluation of the parotid gland, PA view, true lateral and oblique lateral chin will be extended and mouth open, carried. For the evaluation of the gland is radiography side view, with the finger pressing the tab is removed. In addition, an intra-oral occlusal be useful. About 80% of kidney salivary glands can be visualized with simple X-ray. They appear as focal calcification density that are most commonly associated with the gland. Nuclear Medicine (Radionuclide Imaging) Results of nuclear medicine techniques are less accurate than sialography, CT or MRI. But it may be useful as a complement to these techniques. e.

GLAND, PATHOLOGIES, SALIVARY